BW10 統計 (NA28)

• 對等連接詞 14209
  • καί 8163
  • δέ 2791
  • γάρ 1041
  • ἀλλά 638
  • οὖν 498
  • ἤ 343
  • τέ 215
  • οὐδέ 93
  • οὔτε 87
  • καί 70
  • εἴτε 65
  • διό 53
  • καί+ἐγώ 43
  • μήτε 34
  • πλήν 27
  • καί+ἐκεῖθεν 10
  • καί+ἐκεῖ 9
  • καί+ἐάν 7
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 3
  • τοίνυν 3
  • διόπερ 2
  • καί+ἐγώ 2
  • καί+ἐγώ 2
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 2
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 2
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 2
  • ἤτοι 1
  • καί+ἐγώ 1
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 1
  • καί+ἐκεῖνος 1
• 從屬連接詞 4024
  • ὅτι 1291
  • ἵνα 663
  • ὡς 480
  • εἰ 457
  • ἐάν 268
  • καθώς 182
  • ὅταν 123
  • ὅτε 103
  • ὥστε 83
  • ὅπου 82
  • ὅπως 53
  • ἕως 38
  • ὥσπερ 36
  • ἐπεί 26
  • διότι 23
  • μήποτε 22
  • καθάπερ 13
  • πρίν 13
  • ἐπειδή 10
  • καί+ἐάν 7
  • καί+ἐάν 7
  • εἴπερ 6
  • καθότι 6
  • ἄχρι 5
  • καίπερ 5
  • καθό 4
  • ἐάνπερ 3
  • ἐπάν 3
  • ὁσάκις 3
  • ἡνίκα 2
  • ἐπειδήπερ 1
  • ἤπερ 1
  • καθά 1
  • καθώσπερ 1
  • καίτοιγε 1
  • μέχρι 1
  • ὡσπερεί 1

Accordance 統計 (NA28)

Total number of verses = 7323 (total number of verses displayed = 7323)

[CONJUNCTION] (17570 total words)

Number of different forms = 70: (Triple-click a form to see its occurrences)

• Coordinating = 13738

  • καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 8236
  • δέ but, and, now = 2649
  • γάρ for, since, then, indeed = 1041
  • ἀλλά (ἄλλος) but, rather, on the contrary = 638
  • οὖν therefore, thus = 498
  • τέ and, so, both/and = 215
  • οὐδέ (οὐ, δέ) and not, neither, nor, not even = 93
  • οὔτε (οὐ, τέ) neither = 87
  • διό (διά, ὅς) therefore = 53
  • μηδέ (μή, δέ) nor, and not = 50
  • ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 37
  • μήτε (μή, τέ) and not; neither . . . nor = 34
  • πλήν (πληρόω) (+gen) only, except (prep.); but, nevertheless (conj.) = 27
  • εἰ if; whether = 20
  • καθάπερ (κατά, ὅς, περ) as, just as, like = 13
  • ὅθεν (ὅς, θεν) therefore, where, from where = 9
  • μέντοι (μέν, τοι) but, nevertheless = 8
  • ἱνατί (ἵνα, τίς) why, to what reason? = 6
  • ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 4
  • ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 4
  • ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 3
  • διόπερ (διά, ὅς, περ) therefore, therefore indeed = 2
  • διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 2
  • καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 2
  • μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 2
  • τοιγαροῦν (τοι, γάρ, οὖν) therefore, then = 2
  • καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 1
  • καθώσπερ (κατά, ὡς, περ) as, just as = 1
  • πότερον (ποῦ, ἕτερος) whether = 1

• Subordinating = 3737

  • ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 1291
  • ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 659
  • εἰ if; whether = 476
  • ἐάν_1 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 270
  • ὡς as, like, while, that; (interjection) how! = 188
  • καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 180
  • ὅταν (ὅς, ἄν) when, whenever = 123
  • ὅτε (ὅς, τέ) when, while = 103
  • ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 78
  • εἴτε (εἰ, τέ) or, either/or, even if = 65
  • ὅπως (ποῦ) so that, in order that; how that = 53
  • μή not, lest = 43
  • ἕως_1 (ἕως) until; when, up to, as far as = 38
  • ὥσπερ (ὡς, περ) as, just as = 29
  • ἐπεί since, because, when; otherwise = 26
  • διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 21
  • μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 20
  • πρίν (πρό) before; (adv) formerly = 13
  • ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 12
  • ἐπειδή (ἐπεί, δή) since, because, for = 10
  • εἴπερ (εἰ, περ) since, if it is true that = 6
  • ἄχρι (ἀκή) (+gen) up to, as far as; (conj) until = 5
  • καίπερ (καί, περ) though = 5
  • καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 4
  • ἄν_2 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 3
  • ἐάνπερ (εἰ, ἄν_1, περ) if only, if indeed = 3
  • ἐπάν (ἐπί, ἄν) when, as soon as = 3
  • ἡνίκα when = 2
  • καίτοι (καί, τοι) yet, and yet, although = 2
  • δέ but, and, now = 1
  • ἐπειδήπερ (ἐπεί, δή, περ) inasmuch as, since = 1
  • καθά (κατά, ὅς) as, just as = 1
  • καίτοιγε (καί, τοι, γε) although = 1
  • μέχρι (+gen) up to (prep.); until (conj.) = 1
  • οὗ (ὅς) where, to where = 1

• (no Class) = 95

  • κἀγώ (καί, ἐγώ) and I (crasis) = 47
  • κἄν (καί, εἰ, ἄν) and if = 15
  • κἀκεῖνος (καί, ἐκεῖ) and that one, even that one (crasis) = 13
  • κἀκεῖθεν (καί, ἐκεῖ, θεν) and from there (crasis) = 10
  • κἀκεῖ (καί, ἐκεῖ) and there (crasis) = 9
  • καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 1

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Randall Buth, "Οὖν, Δέ, Καί and Asyndeton in John's Gospel," in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 157.

![[../images/Buth-1993.png]]

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Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 256.

![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094356.png]]

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 257.

![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094902.png]]

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 258. ![[../images/Pasted image 20211111094923.png]]

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Stanley E. Porter et al., eds., Modeling Biblical Language: Selected Papers from the McMaster Divinity College Linguistics Circle (Linguistic Biblical Studies 13; Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2016), Chapter 13.

SFL : 表達 ideation --- ideation 下面又區分：experience & logic。

表達 logic 有三種方法：recursion ()、logico-semantics、taxis (排列)

1. recursion : stop/go-on
2. logico-semantics: extension/elaboration/enhancement

![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171600.png]]

3. taxis: hypotactic/paratactic

![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171536.png]]

![[../images/Pasted image 20220501171644.png]]

Note： 2) 和 3) 互補，但有關連：

• enhancement —— 透過 hypotactic (從屬連接詞)
• extension —— 透過 paratctic (對等連接詞)
• elaboration —— hypotactic、paratctic 兩種都有可能

另外，內嵌子句可以用於 enhancement (當形容詞用的時候)、extension (當副詞用的時候)、elaboration (表達讓步的時候)

整合起來看 (p. 405)： ![[../images/Pasted image 20220501173624.png]]

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Porter & O'Donnell - - Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse

• Vertical Axis of Levels of Discourse
  • 連結 word-word; phrase-phrase; clause-clause; paragraph-paragraph
• Horizontal Axis of Continuity-Discontinuity (p.10) ⇐ 全是對等連接詞 ![[../images/Pasted image 20220501201115.png]]
• The Cline of Logical-Semantic Significance (p. 11) ⇐ 全是從屬連接詞 ![[../images/Pasted image 20220501200938.png]]